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		<h1 class="entry-title">橡胶与金属的热硫化黏合</h1>
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			<span class="entry-date"><time>2023年10月12日</time></span>		
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				橡胶与金属的热硫化黏合
橡胶类型的影响
不饱和度：
不饱和度高，极性高的橡胶，易粘接
粘接性adhesion index：
nbr &gt; cr &gt; sbr &gt; nr &gt; br &gt; iir &gt; epdm
非二烯烃弹性体：
无硫、无促进...			</p>
		
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		<p><a href="https://www.51qiguang.com/"><strong>橡胶与金属的热硫化黏合</strong></a><br />
橡胶类型的影响<br />
不饱和度：<br />
不饱和度高，极性高的橡胶，易粘接<br />
粘接性adhesion index：<br />
nbr &gt; cr &gt; sbr &gt; nr &gt; br &gt; iir &gt; epdm<br />
非二烯烃弹性体：<br />
无硫、无促进剂硫化（如过氧化物硫化）时，含有高比表面积填料易粘接；<br />
含增塑剂、软化油、蜡等，对粘接不利。<br />
弹性体混合物：弹性体混合物并未互溶，而是一种弹性体以连续相或分散相分布在另一种弹性体中，导致混合弹性体中某一种较易硫化，结果对粘接影有很大影响。<br />
例如：nbr+nr混合弹性体比nbr难粘<br />
硫化体系的影响</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2729" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/1696030466970-350x159-1.png" width="350" height="159" alt="" srcset="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/1696030466970-350x159-1.png 350w, https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/1696030466970-350x159-1-300x136.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /><br />
硫化剂：<br />
一般硫磺含量较高的橡胶容易粘接<br />
不同硫化体系的弹性体粘接：<br />
常规硫化体系优于半硫化体系；<br />
半硫化体系优于有效硫化体系（低硫高促硫化体系）；<br />
硫黄硫化优于其他硫化体系，如过氧化物硫化体系、双酚a硫化体系、胺硫化体系等。<br />
（默默插一句：考虑好硫化体系哦!）<br />
促进剂：<br />
mbt（2-硫醇基并噻唑）：易粘接<br />
zdmc（二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸锌）、tmtd（二硫化四甲基秋兰姆）：难粘接，尤其是在有效硫化体系、半有效硫化体系中时。<br />
防焦剂：<br />
量大难粘，＜0.15%易粘接<br />
填料：<br />
填料的类型与用量是关键因子。<br />
炭黑一般在40-80份较易粘接；炭黑主填料的橡胶含3-5份白炭黑较易粘接。<br />
弹性体不用炭黑，而使用粘土、白炭黑，其趋势与炭黑相同。<br />
增塑剂种类及含量的影<br />
增塑剂：<br />
增塑剂需谨慎使用，含量不宜超过20phr。<br />
油、增塑剂不利于粘接；尤以酯类增塑剂为甚，酯类增塑剂应低于10phr。<br />
（1）蜡、油：迁移到弹性体表面造成粘接困难。包括：低分子量聚烯烃、芳香油、脂肪酸酯。<br />
（2）增塑剂：邻二甲酸酯，对粘接不利；但高比表面积的填料如白炭黑能中和邻二甲酸酯的负面作用。<br />
抗（臭）氧剂：<br />
抗臭氧剂、抗氧剂量大对粘接不利；对二胺型抗（臭）氧剂对粘接不利。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2730" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/a4122e-300x300-1.jpg" width="300" height="300" alt="" /><br />
焦烧期的影响：<br />
焦烧期长有利于粘接<br />
门尼粘度的影响：<br />
门尼粘度低有利于粘接<br />
硫化胶硬度的影响：<br />
邵氏a45～a85之间，易粘接<br />
基材表面处理 ¦ 方法<br />
①脱脂－机械处理－清洗<br />
②脱脂－化学处理<br />
③脱脂－机械处理－清洗－化学处理<br />
基材表面处理 ¦ 脱脂方法<br />
▓碱液脱脂<br />
▓溶剂脱脂<br />
－浸渍<br />
－清洗<br />
－蒸汽<br />
▓超声脱脂<br />
碱液脱脂 ¦<br />
①常用碱液主要成份及特点：<br />
图片<br />
②典型钢铁除油碱液配方：<br />
图片<br />
温度：80～100℃、时间：20～40分钟<br />
溶剂脱脂 ¦<br />
常用溶剂：<br />
120＃汽油、丁酮, 醋酸乙酯、,<br />
四氯乙烯、1、1、1－三氯乙烷、丙酮等<br />
工作件污染严重，需二次清洗；甚至采用蒸汽脱脂。<br />
蒸汽脱脂 ¦<br />
溶剂<br />
1、1、1－三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯<br />
金属件不可侵入溶剂，也不可高于冷凝区，相互间不接触。<br />
金属件温度达到溶剂沸点，脱脂结束。<br />
溶剂ph值保持在7.0～7.5之间。<br />
溶剂含油达25％时应更新。<br />
机械处理 ¦<br />
抛丸或喷砂材料：钢珠，菱角砂，石英砂，金刚玉等，<br />
喷砂或抛丸后的零件需清洗。<br />
基材表面处理 ¦ 磷化处理</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2731" src="https://www.51qiguang.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/zaq47-300x225-3.jpg" width="300" height="225" alt="" /><br />
常见黏合法有：硬质胶法、胶粘剂法、镀黄铜法和直接粘合法。<br />
一、硬质胶法<br />
此法是先在金属表面贴上或涂上一硬质胶层，然后再贴上要粘合的软质胶，后进行热压硫化形成整体。硬质胶中生胶含量不宜过高，硫黄用量一般为30~40份，可加入氧化铁提高粘接力，用量20份左右，粘接温度可提高一倍，超过20份，性能下降。为防止硬质胶中的游离硫黄向软质胶层扩散，可以在硬质胶和软质胶之间加一无硫或低硫的半硬质过渡层。<br />
硬质胶与金属粘接前，先用硬质胶料配成胶浆（溶剂用汽油，比例1:1.5），将胶浆涂在待粘金属表面，带溶剂挥发完后，将硬质胶片贴到金属表面，在硬质胶与软质胶粘合前，在硬质胶表面涂胶浆，再粘软质胶。<br />
由于硬质胶的热膨胀系数比钢、铁大，所以在温度变化时，硬质胶容易与金属芯脱层。<br />
注意事项：<br />
① 硬质胶的含胶率不宜过高。<br />
② 硫黄的用量大（30~40份）。<br />
③ 适当提高氧化铁的含量（20份左右）。<br />
④ 被粘胶料的硫化速度不能太快，且硬质胶和软质胶的硫化速度相当。<br />
⑤ 在硬质胶和软质胶之间加无硫或低硫中间胶层。<br />
⑥ 金属表面需喷砂处理，并用汽油清洗。<br />
⑦ 金属表面涂硬质胶浆，或以胶浆形式涂到金属表面。<br />
⑧ 采用低温或逐步升温长时间硫化。<br />
特点：<br />
① 粘接强度高，耐腐蚀性好。<br />
② 工艺简单，适于大型金属构件的粘接如各种胶辊，大型化工容器衬里。<br />
③ 耐热性差，工作温度超过70℃时，粘合强度急剧下降。<br />
④ 耐动态疲劳性差。<br />
二、胶粘剂法<br />
金属表面经表面处理后，在新鲜的表面上涂刷一层胶粘剂，再贴上橡胶进行硫化。该法简便实用，不需要用加工设备，适用性广，是目前橡胶与金属之间应用广的方法。橡胶与金属的粘合效果，在很大程度上取决于金属表面处理的结果及胶粘剂的性质和性能。对不同的金属材料，选取合适的胶粘剂十分重要。胶粘剂法的缺点是溶剂有毒，污染环境，损害人体健康，贮存稳定性差<br />
三、镀黄铜法<br />
黄铜或表面镀黄铜的金属材料，在胶料合理的配方组成下，可以不用胶粘剂就能与各种橡胶实现良好的粘合。该法的优点是粘合强度高，耐热性好，吸收冲击振动等，耐疲劳性、耐老化性好，是制造小规格金属部件的常用方法之一。但黄铜镀件的存放期不能太长，镀铜介质有毒，污染环境，粘合效果受镀制质量和镀层参数影响。<br />
1、黄铜层的结构<br />
镀层表层的含铜量较低，越往里含铜量越多，逐渐接近平均含铜量。黄铜表面中含有十多种元素，但主要有铜、锌、氧、铁四种，而铜/锌比随镀层深度不同而变化，镀层表面的含锌量比较多，且以zno的形态存在，对粘合结构起到稳定作用，可以调节橡胶与黄铜的反应速度，影响界面过渡层的化学组成和界面硫化物膜的生长速度和厚度。所以。黄铜镀层中要有合适的铜/锌比。zno过多，由于其本身结构松脆，易构成界面过渡层中的弱界面层，引起粘合破坏。<br />
2、橡胶与黄铜的反应<br />
存在橡胶、硫黄、黄铜、zno之间的化学反应。<br />
3、橡胶黄铜界面层结构<br />
表层的cuxs层由于橡胶分子链的填充，不能结晶，所以cuxs- sy- rub界面模量差异小，cuxs的量要合适，不能过多，易发脆而破坏。<br />
四、直接粘合法<br />
1、间甲白系统<br />
间二酚（3份）、甲醛给予体（促进剂h 1.6份）、白炭黑（15份）组成。适用于轮胎、胶管、胶带和其他橡胶-金属的粘合。该法有一定的效果，但效果不很高。<br />
2、有机钴盐体系<br />
粘接效果好，但耐热性差。<br />
胶料中s的用量我3份，促进剂以nobs好，其次是dm、cz。炭黑以可混槽黑、炉黑较好，其次fef、白炭黑、srf，用量以5份为宜，钴盐的用量要合适。<br />
硬脂酸钴rc-s95 2.0~4.0份<br />
环烷酸钴rc-n10 2.0~4.0份<br />
新癸酸钴rc-d20 1.5~2.5份<br />
硼酰化钴rc-b23 1.0~2.0份<br />
硼酰化钴rc-b16 1.8~2.2份<br />
3、间甲白/有机钴盐体系<br />
钴盐用量为单用钴盐体系时用量的30%~50%。<br />
4、间甲白/有机钴盐/过硫化稳定剂hts<br />
hts的用量1.5份。<br />
5、间甲白/有机钴盐/hts/偶联剂si-69<br />
适合钢与橡胶的粘合<br />
6、有机钴盐/白炭黑<br />
用白炭黑取代部分炭黑，提高老化后的粘合效果。<br />
7、过氧化物粘合<br />
二枯基过氧化物作硫化剂，配入白炭黑，不用zno和sa，钢-橡胶的粘合<br />
8、三嗪粘合<br />
sw 2份，s 3份<br />
钢丝和橡胶的黏合问题（轮胎为例）<br />
胎圈钢丝和钢帘线都是轮胎骨架材料，图1是胎圈钢丝和钢帘线在轮胎中的示意图。对于骨架材料来讲，与橡胶黏合力是较为重要的技术指标，各轮胎厂都比较重视，笔者从钢丝生产方面介绍提高钢丝与橡胶黏合力的方法。<br />
1 问题的提出<br />
钢丝或钢帘线面对的客户都是轮胎厂，是作为骨架材料使用到轮胎中去。其和橡胶黏合的好坏直接影响着轮胎的质量，所以各轮胎厂都很重视黏合力这一指标。生产钢帘线或胎圈钢丝的企业，都花费大量的人力、物力来不断的研究并提高这一指标。<br />
2 钢丝与橡胶的黏合机制<br />
胶料硫化后能很好地与铜黏合，黏合层的结合力超过橡胶本身的结合力，这个现象主要归功于帘线钢丝表面镀铜，在生产帘线钢丝时镀层作为钢丝拉拔的润滑剂。镀铜帘线钢丝用于轮胎中，在橡胶与钢帘线的界面形成了有利于黏合的硫化物（图2）。<br />
从镀铜钢丝与橡胶黏合机制可以看出，黏合力的好坏主要取决于镀铜质量。对于镀铜质量的提高，主要是通过光面钢丝质量的提高和镀铜处理两个方面来提高黏合力。笔者通过几个途径对黏合力的提高进行试验，供大家参考。<br />
2.1 光面钢丝质量的提高<br />
对于干拉过程中产品质量的的研究，主要问题是钢丝表面的刮伤，具体如图3所示。<br />
通过试验分析，造成类似不良表面的钢丝主要是钢丝润滑效果不好，为了提高钢丝在拉拔过程中的润滑效果，某企业主要采用压力模，该压力模是组式的。通过使用该生产工艺，同种规格的拉拔速度在提高20%左右的车速下，钢丝表面的质量也有了改善。采用压力润滑技术进行拉拔，钢丝表面的润滑膜层面质量比用传统的拉拔方法增加50％～80％，拉拔后的钢丝表面质量不合格率也明显的降低(图4)。<br />
钢丝表面质量提高后，镀完铜与橡胶做黏合力试验，试验结果也明显的提高（图5）。<br />
2.2 镀铜前钢丝表面的处理<br />
钢丝在镀铜前必须经过镀前酸处理并清洗干净，所以镀铜前酸洗的效果不同，直接影响镀铜钢丝与橡胶的黏合力。加强镀铜前酸洗的力度，保证钢丝表面有良好表面质量，对提高黏合力有着很好的效果。试验表明，钢丝镀前采用盐酸洗加电解酸洗的方式较单一使用电解酸洗方式生产的胎圈钢丝，其黏合力与附胶率都有明显的提升。<br />
电解酸洗电极板的接法对酸洗质量也有着很大的影响。现在大部分厂家采用的电极板的接法是-、+、-、+，对酸洗的效果有很好的提高，但是笔者通过试验，在相同酸洗浓度和电流的情况下，通过调整电极板的接法，特别是后3块极板的接法，对黏合力也有着不同程度的提高。图6是极板调整前后黏合力和覆胶率的对比情况。<br />
2.3 镀铜工艺<br />
轮胎用的骨架材料大部分是镀铜钢丝，镀铜含量的不同对黏合力也是有影响的。不管是电镀还是化镀，虽然原理不同，但目的都是将铜沉积到钢基表面。电镀相比较化镀来讲，镀铜效果要好，致密度高，和钢基结合较为牢固。钢帘线生产为了水箱的拉拔，都采用电镀镀铜，胎圈钢丝为了降低成本，大部分采用化学镀铜。对于不同铜含量，通过上面提到的硫化机制，对钢丝与橡胶黏合力还是有影响的。笔者对胎圈钢丝不同铜含量使用同种胶料做黏合力试验，试验结果有着很大的区别。所以，每当钢丝与某种胶料黏合力不良时，可以调整铜含量来试验，以便快速的满足客户要求。图7是胎圈钢丝不同铜含量与某一胶料黏合力的对比。<br />
铜含量低对黏合力有好处，胎圈钢丝表面的镀层是铜和锡的合金，这说明对于胎圈钢丝而言，黏合力的改善，也要考虑镀层成分的影响。<br />
2.4 镀铜后处理<br />
对于镀铜钢丝，镀完铜后对于不同的镀铜工艺采用不同的镀后处理。帘线电镀钢丝的处理主要是处理扩散后的氧化锌，因为氧化锌含量多，不但影响湿拉的效果，还对黏合力有一定的影响。大部分客户都要求低的氧化锌含量，一是有利于湿拉，二是的对帘线的黏合力有帮助的。但也有个别客户需要高的氧化锌含量，这是金属制品行业一些公开的秘密。<br />
对于胎圈钢丝来讲，为了防止钢丝生锈，需要在钢丝表面涂抹一些防锈剂。防锈剂采用的是古马隆茚树脂的溶液，并添加一定的其他化学物质，现在使用的防锈剂对黏合力提高有一定的帮助。笔者通过一些试验，在相同配方的防锈剂溶液中，不同附着量的防锈剂，对钢丝与橡胶黏合力有影响。这就需要在实际生产过程中，针对不同厂家的胶料做出一些涂层附着量的调整。</p>

				
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